CAP: Captive Wildlife at Risk from Obesity

The Consumers’ Association of Penang (CAP) would like to draw attention to a recent public concern over Apoh, a black panther at Zoo Negara, after photographs circulated in news reports and on social media showed the animal appearing overweight. While Zoo Negara has stated that the panther is healthy, the incident highlights wider concerns about the risks of obesity in captive wildlife, whether in zoos or other forms of captivity.

Obesity in zoo animals can result from factors such as overfeeding, reduced physical activity, limited opportunities for exercise, and diets that differ significantly from those found in the wild. Reports from countries including China, North America, and Europe suggest that animals in some zoos have experienced weight problems, leading to calls for closer scrutiny of feeding regimes and animal care practices.

Unlike their wild counterparts, captive animals do not need to hunt or forage for food. This greatly reduces their activity levels while increasing the risk of consuming more calories than they expend. Even when zoo staff manage diets carefully, small amounts of overfeeding or inadequate opportunities for exercise can contribute to unhealthy weight gain.

There is clear evidence that elephants in captivity often face obesity-related health issues such as arthritis and foot disorders, conditions linked to restricted movement and unnatural diets. Other species may also be vulnerable to weight gain in captivity, though the extent of related health problems varies. What is certain is that captivity imposes restrictions that can affect animals’ physical and psychological health. As in humans, obesity in animals is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, and other health complications.

Zoo nutritionists and caretakers are expected to have a sound understanding of the natural diets of the species in their care. With advances in nutritional science, including knowledge of essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, there is scope to improve dietary management for captive animals. While staff may be attentive, even small amounts of excess food or inappropriate treats can lead to unhealthy weight gain.

Research indicates that the health risks of obesity must not be underestimated. Addressing the problem requires dietary adjustments — such as moderating food intake and altering the composition of meals to reflect natural diets more closely — alongside increased opportunities for exercise. This can be achieved through enrichment activities, larger enclosures, and environments that stimulate natural behaviours, all of which are vital for weight control and overall well-being.

Allowing an animal to reach a weight that endangers its health reflects inadequate care on the part of any captive facility and is a cause for serious concern.

CAP maintains that wildlife should not be kept in captivity, as zoos rarely replicate the complexity of natural ecosystems or provide the challenges and stimulation needed for animals’ physical and mental health. Too often, zoos prioritise attracting visitors and generating revenue, relying on the appeal of baby animals and new exhibits. CAP believes the real focus should be on conserving wildlife in their natural habitats, where efforts to protect biodiversity are most effective.

Mohideen Abdul Kader
President
Consumers’ Association of Penang

Letter to the Editor,  25 August 2025