Beware of toxic chemicals in cheap perfumes, warns pharmacist

Consumers are advised to exercise caution amid growing concerns over the widespread sale of cheap perfumes in the market, many of which may contain dangerous synthetic chemicals.

Some of these perfumes are being sold for as low as RM5 per bottle, raising serious questions about their ingredients and safety for users.

Nur Afni Amir, a UF14 pharmacist and Chemical Safety Coordinator at the National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), warned that synthetic fragrance chemicals pose a threat to the skin, eyes, respiratory system, and hormonal balance.

One of the most commonly found chemicals in such perfumes is phthalate, which is widely used in the fragrance industry.

“Phthalates act as solvents and fragrance stabilisers. They help perfumes last longer on the skin and clothes. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is the most frequently used phthalate, even in branded products.

“However, other types like dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are classified as endocrine disruptors, which can interfere with the body’s hormonal balance,” she said.

Prolonged exposure has been linked to fertility issues, liver and kidney damage, and negative effects on fetal development. Sensitive individuals may also experience allergic reactions such as skin rashes, breathing difficulties, and migraines.

According to Nur Afni, the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) has restricted the use of certain phthalates based on safety assessments.

“While IFRA does not completely ban DEP as it has not shown hormone-disrupting effects like other phthalates, DBP and DEHP have been banned in fragrance products under their guidelines.”

The European Union (EU) has prohibited the use of these phthalates in cosmetics, and Asean has banned DBP, DEHP, and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) since 2004.

In Malaysia, the Guidelines for Control of Cosmetic Products, aligned with the Asean Cosmetic Directive (ACD), also prohibit several phthalates.

Studies have also linked phthalates to fertility issues, changes in sperm quality, and reduced testosterone levels, potentially causing impotence.

Aside from phthalates, cheap perfumes often contain parabens, which are commonly used as preservatives to prevent bacterial growth.

“Examples of parabens include methylparaben, ethylparaben, butylparaben, and propylparaben,” said Nur Afni.

“Health-wise, parabens can mimic estrogen in the body and disrupt hormonal functions. This is linked to breast cancer risks and reproductive health issues.”

While the research on parabens and their link to cancer is still inconclusive, the EU has banned or restricted certain parabens in cosmetics. Although the United States has not imposed a full ban, more cosmetic brands are opting for paraben-free products in response to consumer demand.

In Malaysia, the use of parabens is still permitted within regulated limits, as outlined by the ACD. These limits have been deemed safe by both the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) and the US FDA.

Benzene, another harmful chemical, is also found in low-cost or counterfeit perfumes. This organic solvent may be added directly or present as a contaminant from low-quality raw materials.

“Benzene is a known carcinogen linked to leukemia and other blood disorders. Long-term exposure may damage bone marrow and weaken the immune system,” she said.

At high concentrations, inhalation can cause dizziness, nausea, and respiratory issues. Benzene is banned in cosmetics in Malaysia under regulations from the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA), but counterfeit perfumes may not comply.

Another harmful chemical found in cheap perfumes is formaldehyde, which is often used as a preservative to enhance scent longevity.

“Formaldehyde is a carcinogen associated with nasal and throat cancers.

“Exposure can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat and cause skin allergies and asthma in sensitive individuals. Prolonged skin exposure can lead to eczema and severe irritation. When inhaled in high amounts, it may cause lung damage.”

Methanol is another toxic chemical found in counterfeit perfumes, often used as a cheaper alternative to ethanol, the safer alcohol in cosmetics.

“Once inside the body, methanol is metabolised into formic acid, which can damage organs, cause blindness, and even lead to death,” she warned.

Ingestion can lead to systemic toxicity, while skin exposure may cause localized irritation or allergic reactions such as redness, itching, or eczema. Prolonged exposure can allow toxins to penetrate the body, leading to severe systemic effects.

Given the health risks, Nur Afni advised consumers to choose perfumes from trusted brands.

Source: New Straits Times, 13 April 2025